The excavator, also known as Excavating Machinery, is also known as the excavator machine. It uses buckets to minimize materials with higher or lower thanher of the noodles and loaded the local machinery machinery of transport vehicles or unloaded to the heap field.The materials excavated by the excavator are mainly soil, coal, sediment, and soil and rock after pre -pine.Lets take a look at what the use of excavators should pay attention to.
Safety operation of excavators
1. Preparation before homework:
1. Carefully read the instruction materials of the excavator, and be familiar with the use and maintenance status of the vehicle driving;
2. Learn a detailed understanding of the task of the construction site, and check the solidity and stability of the soil at the excavator.When digging the foundation pit and grooves, check the stability of the slopes of the road and the slope of the groove;
3. It is strictly forbidden for any person to stay in the operating area, and the work venue should be convenient for dump trucks;
4. Check the excavator hydraulic system, engine, transmission device, braking device, rotary device, and instruments, instruments, and instruments. It can only work after the test operation and confirm normally.
2. During operation and driving requirements:
1. The signal should be issued before the operation starts;
2. When doing homework, pay attention to choosing and creating a reasonable working surface, and it is strictly forbidden to dig out of the hole; it is strictly forbidden to arrange the excavator in the two excavations at the same time.
3. During operation, it is forbidden to adjust the engine, speed regulator, hydraulic system, and electrical system; it is forbidden to use buckets to break or use rotating mechanical methods to break the solid objects; prohibit the excavator with a shovel or bucket oil tank; forbiddenDragging the motor arm is located on the side heavy objects; the prohibition of working devices is prohibited from digging in a sudden decline;
4. The excavator should be installed after the car is stopped. When unloading, the bucket should be lowered as much as possible without touching and any part of the car.
5. When the hydraulic excavator works normally, the hydraulic oil temperature should be between 50 degrees and 80 degrees.Before the mechanical use, if it is lower than 20 degrees, preheat operation; when it reaches or exceeds 80 degrees, the air dissipation should be stopped.
3. Requirement after homework:
1. When the excavator walks, there should be a special person in command, and the distance from the high -voltage line should not be less than 5 meters.Forbidden to walk backwards;
2. When walking downhill, you should drive at a low speed and average speed to prohibit gliding and change;
3. The excavators parking position and walking route should be kept safe with the pavement, ditch, and foundation pit;
4. The excavator is parking on the slope. The bucket must be placed on the ground, and all the operating rods are placed in the median;
5. After the work is over, the fuselage should be turned right, the bucket should be placed on the ground, and all the operating rod should be placed in the air gear.The brakes of each part are braked. After the mechanical doors and windows are closed, the driver can leave.
Excavator maintenance
1. Avoid the oil and oil only or not
Machine oil is essential in the use of diesel engines, mainly to play a role in lubricating, cooling, and cleaning.Therefore, many drivers will pay attention to checking the amount of oil lubricating oil and add it according to standards, but ignore the inspection of lubricating oil quality and replacement of the already metamorphic oil, resulting in some engines motor parts that are always worse lubricating lubricationOperation in the environment, so as to accelerate the wear of each machine.Under normal circumstances, the loss of oil is not large, but it is easy to pollute, thereby losing the role of protecting the diesel engine.During the operation of diesel engines, many dirt (carbon smoke, carbon accumulation and dirt accumulation, etc.) will enter the oil during the operation of the diesel engine.For the new or large -scale machinery, the impurities will be more after trial operation. If you are not changed to use it, you can easily cause accidents such as burning tiles and shafts.In addition, even if the engine oil is replaced, some drivers will not clean the oil channels during the replacement due to lack of maintenance experience or effort, so that the mechanical impurities will still remain in the oil bottom shell and oil circuit.
2. Avoid courier with butter
(1) Cyc -cushioned butter.Butter is a commonly used lubricating fat in construction machinery repair, which can play a role in lubrication and sealing.Therefore, some repair workers will apply a layer of butter on the cylinder pad when installing the cylinder pad, thinking that this can increase the sealing of the diesel engine.As everyone knows, this has affected the working performance of the diesel engine.The cylinder pad is the most important seal between the diesel engine cylinder and the cylinder head. It can not only seal the high -temperature and high -pressure gases produced in the cylinder, but also seal the cooling water and lubricant in the cylinder head and the cylinder body.When disassembling the cylinder pad, pay special attention to its sealing quality.If you apply butter on the cylinder pad during installation, when the cylinder head bolts are tightened, some butter will be squeezed into the cylinder water channel and oil duct. When the butter stays between the cylinder pad is worked in the cylinder, part of it will flow due to high temperature, and some will flow some flow.The human cylinder is burned, and the other part is left on the binding surface of the cylinder body and the cylinder head, which causes gaps between the cylinder pad, the cylinder head and the plane of the body.gas.In addition, butter is also produced at high temperature for a long time, causing carbon deposits, resulting in premature aging and deterioration of cylinder pads.So do not apply butter when installing the cylinder pad.
(2) Tire nut have butter.In order to easily tighten the nut and prevent rust, many repair workers apply oil on the bolt nuts of the tire.In fact, this is a mistake.Because after the tire nut is tightened, the screw is characterized by self -locking.This is because the thread spiral angle is less than the equivalent friction angle between the thread.In the given bolt connection, the spiral lift is a certain value, and the friction angle of the volume changes with the friction state between the thread.Obviously, the equivalent friction angle between the thread after oil decreases, and the self -locking performance of the bolt connection is worse.Therefore, do not apply lubricating fat or dripping oil on the tire bolt and nut.In this way, the nut will loosen and even causes an accident.
3. Avoid the installation of the new product of the cylinder set and the piston
When changing the cylinder set and the piston, the new cylinder set and the piston are standard parts, both of which are interchangeable, and you can use it.In fact, the size of the cylinder set and the piston have a certain range of tolerances.If the maximum cylinder is paired with the smallest piston, it will make the cooperation too large, cause compression weakness, and start difficulty.Therefore, when replacing the installation, the standard cylinder set and the size group number of the piston must be checked. The cylinder set and the piston used must enable the size of the standard piston to packet.With standard coordination gaps.In addition, while each cylinder clothing uses the cylinder set and piston with the same group number, it is also necessary to pay attention to the pre -tested cylinder plug gap. In order to ensure the assembly standard, a test should be performed before the installation to prevent fake and shoddy residual products on the installation.Essence
4. Do not check the surplus of the plunger
In the sarcasm of the plunger -type fuel injection pump, many maintenance personnel do not pay attention to checking the surplus of the plunger.The so -called stroke margin of the plunger refers to the movement that can continue to move upward after the campopation point of the camshaft on the camshaft.After adjusting the oil supply start time, the reason why the itinerary is also required is because the surplus of the plunger is related to the wear of the plunger and the sleeve.After the plunger and the sleeve are worn, the plunger should exercise more for a while to start the fuel supply, so that the oil supply starts time delay.After the adjustment bolts are twisted or the pads and pads are used to adjust the minimum position of the plunger, the lower position of the plunger is reduced to reduce the surplus of the stroke of the plunger.Therefore, when repairing the fuel injection pump, first check this itinerary to determine whether the fuel injection pump is allowed to be adjusted.During the inspection, the following methods should be adopted according to the different structures of the fuel jet pump: a) Rotate the camshaft, and the plunger is topped to the top point, and the oil valve and valve seat are removed and measured with a deep campaign ruler.b) After the plunger is topped to the top point, use a screwdriver to pry up the spring seat of the plunger spring to increase the plunger to the highest point.Then insert the plane under the plunger and adjust the bolt to measure the bolt.The standard schedule of the plunger is about 1.5mm, and the limit itinerary after wear should not be less than 0.5mm.
5. Do not measure the gap between the vapor tank
When measuring the cylinder gap, it was not measured in the direction of the piston sales hole vertically in the piston skirt, but was measured in other directions.The structural characteristics of aluminum alloy piston are upper and lower large, which is a cone, and the cross section of the skirt is oval. Therefore, the cylinder gap along the circular direction is not equal.During the measurement, it is specified that the gap between the long axis direction of the ellipse of the ellipse is stipulated, that is, the gap between the piston skirt vertically in the direction of the piston sales hole.In this way, the measurement is more convenient and accurate, and during the reciprocating movement, the piston skirt is perpendicular to the piston sales hole due to the effect of the side pressure. Therefore, when the cylinder gap is measured,Sales of sales holes.
6. Avoid piston fire warming
Because the piston and the piston sales are the coordination of the agent, when installing the piston, the piston should be heated first. At this time, some maintenance personnel will put the piston on the bright fire directly. This is very wrong because it is very wrong becauseThe piston is unevenly thin and thick, and the degree of thermal expansion and contraction will be different. The heating of the bright fire will cause uneven heating of the piston and easily cause deformation. The surface of the piston will also attach charcoal ash to reduce the life of the piston.If the piston is cooled naturally after reaching a certain temperature, its gold phase organization will be damaged and reduces the wear resistance, and its service life will be significantly shortened.When installing the piston sales, the piston can be evenly heated in thermal oil to slowly expand it. Do not use the bright fire directly to warm it.
7. Do not use sand cloth to grind the axis tile
对于一些经验不足的修理工来说，刮瓦是一项难度较高的工作，由于刮瓦技术很难掌握，所以轴瓦就不易达到技术要求，为此，有人在更换轴瓦时，为增大轴瓦与The contact area of ??the crankshaft is polished with sand cloth instead of scraping tiles.This method is extremely unparalleled in actual maintenance, because the abrasives on the sand cloth are harder, but the axial tile alloy is soft, so that the sand particles are easily embedded in the alloy when grinding.Short the life of the crankshaft.
8. Avoid the bolt too tightly
During the disassembly process of construction machinery, the bolts in many parts have the requirements for torque, such as the transmission box, cylinder head, wheel hub, connecting rod and front bridge.Change at will.However, many users mistakenly believe that tightness will be safer, but too tightly will cause screws or bolts to break, or it may cause failure due to threading buckle.
9. Both tire gas pressure is too high
Tire inflation pressure of wheel construction machinery is an important factor in determining its service life and work efficiency.Tire gas pressure is too high or too low will affect its service life, and it is not conducive to safe driving, especially in the hot summer.The scientific inflatable standard should be: based on the standard air pressure of the tire, as the temperature changes, it is slightly adjusted to the tire gas pressure.For example: summer should be 5%-7%lower than winter. Due to the high temperature in summer, gas heating, and increased pressure. On the contrary, standard air pressure must be reached in winter or slightly lower.
10. Avoid boiled water tanks and suddenly add cold water
The engine overload operation, poor heat dissipation, or water tank shortage will cause the water tank to open the pot. At this time, if cold water is added, the cylinder head and cylinder will burst.Therefore, once the water tank is found to be opened in use, emergency measures should be taken to stop the operation, so that the diesel engine cooling water should cool down.
Discovery failure treatment
1. The reason for jump gear
(1) The transmission mechanism wear the W4-60 type excavator is a transmission mechanism that uses a mechanical shifting gear transmission. This transmission mechanism rely on the sliding tooth cover to move the axial movement on the fixed tooth cover.Make mesh to achieve shifting.During the frequent shifting process, the wheel teeth of the above -mentioned mesh gears are easily ground into cone -shaped, resulting in a reduced mesh performance and a jump gear.
(2) The performance of the self -locking mechanism is to prevent the transmission from jumping.Steel balls and springs with self -locking effects.When the springs that are positioned by the self -locking effect are weakened or broken, the self -locking performance of the self -locking mechanism will decrease until the disappearance is disappeared, causing the transmission to jump.At the same time, if the groove on the steel ball or the fork shaft is worn, it can also cause the transmission to jump.
(3) Improper adjustment of the shift device The transmission of this type of excavator uses a mechanical manpower shifting method. If the transmission, vertical axis, horizontal axis, and vertical fixing screw loose can also cause the transmission jumping gear.
(4) Sudden changes in the outside load Due to the nature of the excavator and the design of the machine itself, the sudden changes in the external load can also cause the transmission to jump.When the road surface is uneven, the machine is driving downhill or the driving route is not proper, and the external load changes suddenly, the sudden change of this load will be used on the gear of the gear of the transmission through the wheel and the transmission shaft, so that the gear of the gear to mesh gear will be meshing gearDispel off due to axial thrust, resulting in a transmission jump.
(5) Improper operating method When an excavator is driving on the slope (especially downhill), if the operation is improper, it will also cause the transmission to jump.
2. Prevention measures
(1) Strictly follow the operating procedures and the driving essentials to avoid driving to avoid teeth when shifting to reduce the wear of the gear.
(2) Strictly implement the maintenance system and strengthen the maintenance of shifting devices.When the connection of the shift device rod is not connected at the time, it should be adjusted in time to ensure that the performance of the shift device is good.
(3) Pay attention to the maintenance and maintenance of the self -locking mechanism, and the positioning steel ball, spring and fork axis that reduce or lose positioning performance on the positioning effect should be repaired or replaced in time to make the self -locking performance of the self -locking mechanism in a good state in a good stateEssence
(4) When assembling the transmission, operate strictly in accordance with the operating regulations to ensure that the components of each transmission are adjusted correctly and properly.When a large downhill road surface, the driver should be operated strictly in accordance with the downhill movement, and it should not be violated.
3. Emergency placement method
During the driving process of the excavator, if the transmission jumps occurs, the machine should be stopped (or continue to drive) in time, and then find the cause to eliminate the fault.The specific method is:
(1) Jump gear when driving on a flat road. You can get a suspension according to normal stops, find the cause carefully, and eliminate the failure.
(2) Jump gear when driving uphill, the gear can be located at a low-speed or Ⅰ gear position. When the machine drives to the top of the slope, it can be stopped to eliminate the failure;, It should be stopped according to the movement of the slope to stop, and then the failure is eliminated.
(3) When jumping on the downhill on the downhill, the position of the main position of the blocking movement should be taken at a high-speed position or a rush (emergency degradation) measure.Eliminate the failure; if the blocking, the unsuccessful stealing, or the jump gear again (at this time), the driver can control the engine speed at medium speed (prevent the engine from flame), and use the point brake method to slide the machine to the machine to the machine to the machine to the machine to slide the machine to the machine toThe bottom of the slope and then the failure.If the block is added, the jump gear is unsuccessful or another jump (at this time), and the machine is on the big slope (at this time the machine will dive at the bottom of the slope at the bottom), and should quickly followThe movement of the downhill downtime is required to stop, and then deduct the fault.
One: Rotate operations first -time guidance_whether the secondary pressure is within the normal range (the normal pilot pressure is more than 35kg);
Two: Whether the rotating overflow valve is damaged, whether the pressure overflow pressure is within the normal range (overflow pressure: 280kg);
Three: Whether the main valve core is cut in place and whether the return of the rotary valve core is broken;
Fourth: Dynamic and damage to the flow of streams, causing the circular motor internal leakage;
Five: Return the motor pump body and plunger wear damage, causing internal leakage of the motor;
Six: Only the slow return action of other movements is normal, which can exclude the hydraulic main pump and the main overflow valve failure.

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